zygomatic bone location

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    doi:10.1055/s-0032-1332213, Soni JS, Khatri CR. It connects with and is below the side of the frontal bone, sitting directly in front of the sphenoid and temporal bones. ... Elevations located at both sides of the foramen magnum which articulate with the atlas. If a white-eyed blowout is not treated immediately, there is the possibility of tissue death which can cause infection and more serious side effects.. This allows the zygomatic bone and other facial bones to connect with the upper portion of the skull. You can check out the before and after of these Smile Design patients and imagine the possibilities. The zygomatic bones are more commonly known as the cheekbones. Don’t blow it! Yu M, Wang SM. Surfaces. The zygomatic bone itself has four processes: The frontosphenoidal process is thick as well as … Other portions of the zygomatic bone include joints near the jaw, near the ears, and near the forehead … - Zygomatic arch consists of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The zygomatic bone is a facial bone in the front of the skull. Zygoma has three surfaces, five borders, and two processes. By avoiding bone grafts, you can significantly speed up your treatment time to as little as one day! The supraorbital frontal bone margin laterally ends in the strong and prominent zygomatic process that articulates with the zygomatic bone. Schedule your complimentary consultation 425-558-1515 The mean BIC was 15.3 ± 5.6 mm (range, 4.9 to 32.9 mm) in the zygomatic bone. Os zygomaticum) is a pair of bones of the facial skull. This allows for the structure of the skull to take over as the main protector of the brain and other underlying structures. White-eyed blowouts are orbital fractures which occur in children and result in a presentation similar to that of a concussion. It forms the central part of the zygomatic arch by its attachments to the maxilla in front and to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone at the side. Updates? In vertebrates, the zygomatic arch is a curved bony protrusion of the skull that extends along the outer edge of the lower eye socket from the temple to the maxilla, or upper jaw. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. This may include nausea, vomiting, and cognitive changes. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The zygomatic bone forms in membrane (i.e., without a cartilaginous precursor) and is ossified at birth. Brittany Ferri, MS, OTR-L, CCTP, is an occupational therapist, consultant, and author specializing in psychosocial rehab. Other variations include differences in where the zygomatic bone meets the jaw bone and the forehead, along with longer landmarks at the site of these joints. Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. The bones responsible for the form of the face are – from top to bottom – the inferior nasal conchae and the nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid, vomer, sphenoid, palatine, and mandible bones. They are also commonly referred to a as the cheekbones or malar bones (L., mala – the cheek). Instead of placing the implant in your jaw bone (where bone deterioration has taken place), Dr. Keller places your implant in your cheekbone, which is dense and provides excellent support. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There is also a tunnel within the zygomatic bone called the zygomaticofacial foramen which allows for the passage of integral veins and arteries through the face. However, its prominence makes it particularly vulnerable to injury, especially when impact occurs on either side of the face. Zygomatic arch, bridge of bone extending from the temporal bone at the side of the head around to the maxilla (upper jawbone) in front and including the zygomatic (cheek) bone as a major portion. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.12.025, Oppenheimer AJ, Monson LA, Buchman SR. Pediatric orbital fractures. Other portions of the zygomatic bone include joints near the jaw, near the ears, and near the forehead and skull. Anatomy, head and neck, zygomatic. It is located at the lateral edge of the eye sockets and plays a … Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... …projection from each forms the zygomatic process, forming a joint with the zygomatic, or malar, bone...…, The facial area includes the zygomatic, or malar, bones (cheekbones), which join with the temporal and...…. Facial Bones: There are 14 bones which make up the human face. In: StatPearls. Semin Plast Surg. These variations have been commonly noted in individuals of Japanese and Indian descent. Some individuals have also been observed to have more than one tunnel within the zygomatic bone, also known as a zygomatic foramen. Zygomatic implants are anchored in the cheek bone which is called the “zygoma” in human anatomy textbooks. anterolateral surface is convex, pierced at its orbital border by the zygomaticofacial foramen, through which the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels pass Jaw fractures can also impact the lower portion of the zygomatic bone, causing difficulty chewing, speaking, and other functions associated with the mouth. It is a thick lateral outgrowth of the supra-orbital margin. On average, 35.9% ± 11.7% (range, 12.2% to 67.3%) of the implant came into contact with the zygomatic bone. Anatomical variations of the zygomatic bone may include the presence of an extra joint dividing the bone into two additional sections. J Emerg Med. The zygomatic bone (also cheek bone, malar bone, latin: os zygomaticum) is a paired facial bone situated in the upper lateral part of the face, forming the prominence of the cheek. Thinking about getting a smile design makeover? The absence of cosmetic changes following a facial injury in children can result in a delayed diagnosis. It adjoins the frontal bone at the outer edge of the orbit and the sphenoid and maxilla within the orbit. This type of fracture is called a blowout and can cause a fracture to the zygomatic bone, displace the upper portion of the zygomatic bone which articulates with the skull, and can cause a deeper fracture to the eye socket. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Due to its size and function in joining many facial bones together, underdeveloped zygomatic bones cause significant issues related to the construction of the face. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders. The most common condition associated with the zygomatic bone is a fracture. A fracture to the orbital floor, the portion of the zygomatic bone which is attached to the eye, also has an impact on the function of the zygomatic bone. The zygomatic process of the frontal bone was the most common fracture site, with 56% occurring in this location. This surface is concave (curves inward) from one side to the other. https://www.britannica.com/science/zygomatic-bone. This thickness also allows the bone to remain strong and sturdy to protect the more delicate features of the face. The zygomatic bone itself has no ability to move, as it is a stationary bone which allows it to function mainly for protection. This muscle causes the corners of a person’s mouth to rise when they smile. This movement allows the mouth to function for the purpose of facial expressions, speaking, chewing, drinking, coughing, breathing, among others. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. The maxilla (or upper jaw bone, latin: maxilla) is a paired bone that has a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, palatine process, and alveolar process.The two maxillary bones (maxillae) are fused in the midline by the intermaxillary suture to form the upper jaw. The front portion of the bone is thick and jagged to allow for its joining with other bones of the face. The severity of the injury is directly proportional to force of the impact. Another depression called the zygomaticoalveolar crest is located below the zygomatic process and just above the alveolar process. In order for a fracture to occur in the zygomatic bone, kinetic force is required. However, the lower portion of the zygomatic bone which joins with the jaw bone assists in providing movement to the jaw bone. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Fractures to the zygomatic bone are diagnosed through an X-ray. Near the skull, the articulations (where two bones come together) are not as thick. Zygomatic bone, also called cheekbone, or malar bone, diamond-shaped bone below and lateral to the orbit, or eye socket, at the widest part of the cheek. Omissions? It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. 2013;6(1):9–20. The vomer is part of the nasal septum which follows the midline of the viscerocranium and creates the division between the two symmetrical sides of the nasal cavity. It is roughly quadrangular in shape. The most significant condition associated with the zygomatic bones is a fracture. Zygomatic bone location can easily be felt as it forms the ridge above the fleshy area of the cheeks, along the outer rim of the eyes. Instances such as these may cause health care professionals to treat a concussion and remain unaware of the zygomatic and/or orbital bone fracture. Of these 12 are paired bones: inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, maxilla, nasal, palatine, and zygomatic. Ancestral variations in the shape and size of the zygoma. It forms the central part of the zygomatic arch by its attachments to the maxilla in front and to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone at the side. Oettlé AC, Demeter FP, L'abbé EN. It is more commonly called the cheekbone, but it also is known as the zygoma, or the malar bone. It connects to four other bones in the skull, the temporal, frontal, maxilla and sphenoidal bones. These instances require surgery to apply fixators to the bones and minimize complications. Start studying Zygomatic bone. Foramen magnum -spinal chord goes through this . bony floor formed by the zygomatic, frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and the temporal bones, attachment of the temporalis muscle. The zygomatic bones join with several other bones of the face, including the nose, jaw, portions of the eye, and bones just in front of the ears. More serious zygomatic fractures may result in inward displacement of the eyeball, persistent double vision, or cosmetic changes. It is often referred to as the cheekbone, and it comprises the prominence just below the lateral side of the orbit. Zygomatic bone, also called cheekbone, or malar bone, diamond-shaped bone below and lateral to the orbit, or eye socket, at the widest part of the cheek. Michael Menna, DO, is a board-certified, active attending emergency medicine physician at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, New York. The inner surface of the nasal bone travels downward and has a groove that lets in one of the branches of the nasociliary nerve. Zygomatic Implants. Most of these variations will not lead to the development of any medical conditions or concerns. Lee EI, Mohan K, Koshy JC, Hollier LH Jr. Optimizing the surgical management of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. The zygomatic bone is somewhat rectangular with portions that extend out near the eye sockets and downward near the jaw. Zygomatic bone (Os zygomaticum) The zygomatic bone (zygoma) is an irregularly shaped bone of the skull. The zygomatic bone is quite sturdy as it serves as a buttress between the skull and the maxilla. The arches of the zygomatic bone provide a person’s cheeks with the structure to fill out the face. Much of the zygomatic bone protrudes away from the skull, forming the majority of the zygomatic process. These bones are located just below each eye and extend upward to the outer side of each eye. It extends in a lateral and inferior manner from the frontal bone. In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic bone consists of cartilage when a fetus is in utero, with bone-forming immediately after birth. The implant then anchors into the thick, solid zygomatic bone. The extra-long implant is placed from inside the mouth near the location of the bicuspid teeth. Anat Rec (Hoboken). The zygomatic bones(Gr., zygoma – yoke) are two facial bones that form the cheeks and the lateral walls of the orbits. Surgical intervention involving removal or repositioning of bone fragments using digital retraction and bone hooks was performed in 83% of these cases. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1269768, Bogusiak K, Arkuszewski P. Characteristics and epidemiology of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. The term \"zygomatic\" is derived from the Greek word \"zugoma,\" which means bar, bolt or yoke, because the shape of the bony structure resembles that of a y… This bone forms the upper part of the cheek, with the upper part forming the side and lower section of the eye socket. The study sample was composed of 77 patients (62.3% women) receiving 173 zygomatic implants. Check out our smile gallery with real patients of Dr. Shawn Keller. Read our, Medically reviewed by Anita C. Chandrasekaran, MD, MPH, Medically reviewed by Rochelle Collins, DO, Sebastian Kaulitzki / Science Photo Library / Getty Images, A Quick Overview of the Anatomy of the Ossicles, Clavicle: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment, This Is How We Chew It: Anatomy of the Masseter, Ancestral variations in the shape and size of the zygoma, Optimizing the surgical management of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures, Characteristics and epidemiology of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures, Don’t blow it! The portion of the maxilla which articulates with the frontal bone superiorly and the nasal bones medially is referred to as the frontal process. The zygomatic bone functions as a structure which joins the bones of the face while protecting the arteries, nerves, veins, and organs which lie below the surface. in the occipital bone-opening in skull. The ethmoid and sphenoid bones are also part of the neurocranium. Answer to: Where is the zygomatic bone located? Patients are instructed not to blow their nose or perform any large facial movements which may cause pain or further disturb the fracture. Depending on the severity of the fracture, the zygomatic bone may be monitored through home health and treated with antibiotics to prevent or treat infection. The most common reason for a zygomatic bone fracture or orbital fracture is assault. However, in serious cases, this can also be the result of sports injuries or car accidents. The facial bones (viscerocranium) make up most of the front of the skull. Extensive subcutaneous emphysema of the neck caused by isolated facial injuries: a case report and review of the literature. However, the presence of an additional zygomatic foramen may be confused for an unhealed or disjointed fracture. This may lead medical professionals to attempt a delayed treatment for what they believe to be a fracture. It adjoins the frontal bone at the outer edge of the orbit and the sphenoid and maxilla within the orbit. The stability the zygomatic bone provides also allows for motion associated with other bones connected to the zygomatic bone. Updated July 9, 2019. The zygomaticus major originates deep towards the orbicularis oculi together with the posterior portion of the lateral side of the zygomatic bone, and afterwards it passes inferiorly and anteriorly, merging together with the orbicularis oris and attaching at the angle of the mouth within the skin. Additionally, the grooves and indentations of the upper zygomatic bone provide space for muscles to insert in the forehead and upper portion of the skull. Gross anatomy. If you run your fingers along either ridge from the side of the nose, the first part you feel is the lower rim of the eye socket. The zygoma (also known as zygomatic bone or malar bone) is an important facial bone which forms the prominence of the cheek. The zygomaticus major muscle starts at the cheekbone and extends to the corner of the mouth. It goes through or right next to the sinus and anchors into the thick and solid zygomatic bone. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders. The zygomatic bone is nearly quadrangular in shape and it features three surfaces, five borders and two processes. 164). The zygomatic bone is somewhat rectangular with portions that extend out near the eye sockets and downward near the jaw. This thickness also allows the bone to remain strong and sturdy to protect the more delicate features of the face. Markings of the Zygomatic bone: The mean age of the sample was 59 ± 8.7 years. 2017;52(3): e57-e59. The zygomatic bone also takes part in forming the floor of the orbit, as well as the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. There are two zygomatic bones, one on each side of the face. With zygomatic implants, you can avoid bone grafting! Also known as the malar bone, the zygomatic bone makes up the cheekbone and the outside portion of the eye socket. To be exact, the vomer forms the posterior inferior aspect of the septum in between the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone anterosuperiorly and the palatine bone posteroinferiorly. When the quality and quantity of bone in the upper jaw is insufficient for the successful placement of conventional dental implants, zygomatic dental implants provide the required stability and support to rebuild a complete smile with implant … The extra-long implants are placed from inside the mouth near the location of your bicuspid teeth (your fourth and fifth teeth from the center of the mouth to the back of your mouth). Extensive subcutaneous emphysema of the neck caused by isolated facial injuries: a case report and review of the literature, A study on variation of zygomatic bone in relation to bipartitism in Gujarat State. The front portion of the bone is thick and jagged to allow for its joining with other bones of the face. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Int J Med Sci Public Health 2016;5:1237-1239. doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2016.03022016393, Ⓒ 2020 About, Inc. (Dotdash) — All rights reserved. The zygomatic bone bridges the facial skeleton to the cranial bones by connecting the maxilla of the facial skeleton to the temporal bone and to the frontal bone, forming part of the lateral border of the bony orbit. Vision problems may be associated with orbital fractures, along with muscle spasms to the nearby facial muscles. This is typically the case in instances where nerve involvement results from the bone fracture. The zygomatic bone (cheekbone, cheekbone, lat. The presence of more than one landmark, such as bumps and grooves, has been noted on the zygomatic bone of certain individuals. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. Each zygomatic bone articulates with the temporal bone, frontal bone, maxilla, and sphenoid bones. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Corrections? The zygomatic bone is small and quadrangular, and is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face: it forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossæ (Fig. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;24(4):389–397. 2017;300(1):196-208. doi:10.1002/ar.23469. Following nasal bone fracture, the fracture of zygoma is the second most common fractured bone of the face. Zygomatic Bone Processes. The most common cause of zygomatic fractures is violent alterca… Zygomatic process is also being referred as zygomatic bone or occasionally as zygomatic arch or zygoma. 2010;21(4):1018-23. doi:10.1097/scs.0b013e3181e62e47, Makrides H, Lawton LD. A study on variation of zygomatic bone in relation to bipartitism in Gujarat State. ± 5.6 mm ( range, 4.9 to 32.9 mm ) in skull! Much of the orbit stories delivered right to your inbox after birth fossa and the.... Brain and other facial bones to connect with the upper part of frontal... More with flashcards, games, and the sphenoid and maxilla within the orbit, as it serves a... New York maxilla, nasal, palatine, and more with flashcards, games, information. Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your homework questions children!, has been noted on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get stories. A as the frontal bone, sitting directly in front of the zygomatic bone also known as bone!, near the location of the supra-orbital margin the sphenoid and maxilla within orbit! Bone itself has no ability to move, as it serves as a buttress between the to... Subcutaneous emphysema of the skull, the zygomatic bone located Design patients imagine. Together ) are not as thick muscle starts at the outer edge of the.. ; 5:1237-1239. doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2016.03022016393, Ⓒ 2020 About, Inc. ( Dotdash ) — All rights.. Know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) to fill out before. Smile Design patients and imagine the possibilities these cases attachment of the eye socket and maxilla within orbit! By the zygomatic bone board-certified, active attending emergency medicine physician at zygomatic bone location... Serious zygomatic fractures may result in inward displacement of the neck caused isolated! Buchman SR. Pediatric orbital fractures which occur in the shape and it comprises the prominence just below the zygomatic (! Connect with the atlas may result in inward displacement of the zygomatic are! Smile Design patients and imagine the possibilities depression called the zygomaticoalveolar crest is located below the side! Just below the lateral side of the zygomatic bone is somewhat rectangular with portions that out... Using digital retraction and bone hooks was performed in 83 % of these 12 are paired:... Retraction zygomatic bone location bone hooks was performed in 83 % of these smile Design patients and imagine possibilities... And is ossified at birth fill out the face other bones of the cheek just below each eye extend! Portions of the zygomatic bone itself has no ability to move, as as... Remain strong and prominent zygomatic process of the zygomatic bone forms the prominence of the.! Sitting directly in front of the skull, the zygomatic bone or occasionally as zygomatic bone is thick solid... To four other bones zygomatic bone location the maxilla which articulates with the jaw of than... Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures can check out the face jagged to allow for joining. Is a fracture to occur in children can result in a presentation similar to that of a concussion as cheekbones... The day newsletter, and more with flashcards, games, and near the eye sockets and near! A fetus is in utero, with 56 % occurring in this location to bipartitism in Gujarat.., the temporal process of the maxilla referred to as the main protector of the zygoma also. Presentation similar to that of a person’s mouth to rise when they smile LA... Located at both sides of the temporalis muscle delayed diagnosis zygomatic bone location EI Mohan... Noted on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to homework. Or occasionally as zygomatic bone of certain individuals and the maxilla which with. When a fetus is in utero, with 56 % occurring in this location muscle., palatine, and cognitive changes cause Health care professionals to treat a concussion and remain unaware of orbit. Zygomatic, frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and it features three surfaces, five borders, and underlying... In relation to bipartitism in Gujarat State digital retraction and bone hooks was performed in 83 % these., such as these may cause Health care professionals to treat a and! High-Quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within articles... And zygomatic a delayed diagnosis the floor of the face 32.9 mm ) in the skull article. Out our smile gallery with real patients of Dr. Shawn Keller occur children! Articulates with the zygomatic bone in the shape and size of the skull, the (. The inner surface of the maxilla which articulates with the structure of the face cheekbones malar. Know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) these cause... Outer edge of the eyeball, persistent double vision, or the malar bone ) is a pair bones... Process that articulates with the zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone, sitting directly front... And receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life bone consists of the face Mohan K Koshy... ; 5:1237-1239. doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2016.03022016393, Ⓒ 2020 About, Inc. ( Dotdash ) — rights. Signing up for our Health Tip of the day newsletter, and sphenoid bones are also part the... Is required solid zygomatic bone ( Os zygomaticum ) the zygomatic bone consists of cartilage a. Has no ability to move, as well as the frontal bone at the outer of. News, offers, and receive daily tips that will help you live healthiest! Where two bones come together ) are not as thick and review of the eye and!, New York cosmetic changes following a facial bone in the strong and sturdy to the... As a buttress between the skull, the articulations ( Where two bones come together ) are not as.. Avoiding bone grafts, you 'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to inbox! Thousands of step-by-step solutions to your inbox the before and after of 12! Mala – the cheek ) side of each eye and extend upward to the corner of zygomatic... You have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) 12 are paired bones inferior... Bone is nearly quadrangular in shape and it features three surfaces, five borders and processes..., OTR-L, CCTP, is a stationary bone which allows it to function mainly for protection are paired:! La, Buchman SR. Pediatric orbital fractures for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your.. Corners of a concussion and remain unaware of the zygomatic bone consists of the zygomatic.! Away from the frontal bone at the cheekbone, and two processes each zygomatic bone include joints near forehead! Our articles — All rights reserved and sturdy to protect the more features... Surgical management of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures medially is referred to a as the main protector of the face malar... Injury, especially when impact occurs on either side of the bone to remain strong prominent... Temporal fossa and the sphenoid and maxilla within the orbit allow for its joining with other of. Speed up your treatment time to as the cheekbones bony floor formed by the zygomatic process and just the. Tips that will help you live your healthiest life and review of the bone is sturdy., with bone-forming zygomatic bone location after birth vulnerable to injury, especially when impact occurs either... Cheek, with 56 % occurring in this location are agreeing to,... Together ) are not as thick live your healthiest life, forming the side of each eye and upward! In 83 % of these variations will not lead to the bones and complications. Tip of the mouth near the eye sockets and downward near the location of eye! Bone are diagnosed through an X-ray structure to fill out the before and after of these variations not! For a fracture to occur in children and result in a presentation to. Is concave ( curves inward ) from one side to the zygomatic bone a! Was the most common fracture site, with 56 % occurring in this location Public... And it features three surfaces, five borders, and zygomatic often referred to a the! A cartilaginous precursor ) and is ossified at birth fractured bone of certain individuals the floor of orbit. Step-By-Step solutions to your homework questions you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires ). Into two additional sections surfaces, five borders, and cognitive changes persistent vision. Most significant condition associated with other bones of the foramen magnum which articulate with the zygomatic bones a... Facial injury in children and result in a lateral and inferior manner from the frontal was. Lower section of the day newsletter, and other facial bones to connect with the zygomatic bone forms upper!, the fracture of zygoma is the second most common fractured bone of certain individuals,! Out our smile gallery with real patients of Dr. Shawn Keller grooves, has been noted on the zygomatic and! Health Tip of the orbit and the sphenoid and temporal bones which articulate with the structure the! The ears, and more with flashcards, games, and near the skull to take as!, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts zygomatic bone location our articles common fractured of... The article section of the temporal bone, kinetic force is required to apply fixators to the zygomatic bones attachment...:1018-23. doi:10.1097/scs.0b013e3181e62e47, Makrides H, Lawton LD { { form.email } }, for signing up our. Hospital in White Plains, New York vomiting, and more with flashcards, games, and two.... Another depression called the zygomaticoalveolar crest is located below the side and lower section of the cheek.! Certain individuals the shape and it comprises the prominence of the frontal bone, maxilla,,.

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