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language controversy in pakistan
Postado em 19 de dezembro, 2020
After Bengali had been declared the co-national language with Urdu in 1954, the position of English as the official language and especially medium of education was also challenged. And Nawab Muzaffar Hussain, the arch-reactionary, is particularly active in spreading language prejudice on the slogan of saving the Urdu language. Zia did much damage to English, and actually to the whole system, in the educational field. Officer Who Raided Cafe’ Aylanto In Lahore For Openly Selling Alcohol Is Suspended & This Is Naya Pakistan! He also established a National Language Authority (Muqtadira Qaumi Zaban) in 1979 to promote Urdu. To stifle the protest plans, the Pakistani government imposed Section 144 in Dhaka which made assemblies, processions, and demonstrations illegal. This was because in most government schools this change was resisted, and even in schools where this was implemented English was taught as a foreign language with mediocre teachers. The content of Pakistan's official textbooks has often been criticised by several sources including many within Pakistan for sometimes promoting religious intolerance and Indophobia, leading to calls for curriculum reform. The pro-Urdu lobby was very active during the Ayub era, probably because they saw in the Sandhurst educated Ayub a pro-English bias that could perpetually jeopardise the status of Urdu in the country -- after all, Ayub had even mentioned the Romanisation of Bengali and Urdu during the 1950s. You may like Muniza September 13, 2019. The spirit of Pakistan asserted itself', and under Aurangzeb the 'Pakistan spirit gathered in strength'; his death 'weakened the Pakistan spirit'." Hence, by the time the Bhutto regime was ousted by Zia in 1976, a lot of lip service and little concrete steps had been taken to establish Urdu as the official language of Pakistan. Pakistan is home to many dozens of languages spoken as first languages. The Government of the day declared unequivocally that Urdu alone shall be the State language of Pakistan. Just imagine, as has been reportedly contemplated, that the prime minister -- who knows English well -- will only converse with American President Obama in Urdu. 0000003849 00000 n (Sheikh et al, 1989). Zia hailed from the urban lower middle class of Pakistan and as such had more of an affinity for the Urdu language and the staunch, non-mystic, version of Islam. More importantly, as Zia’s measures only affected the state schools, which by and large catered to the poor of the country, private and elite state institutions continued to use English as a medium and even flourished. Other books, espe- "Alfatah" and "Lail-o-Nahar", both published from Karachi, This policy was maintained by the first Sharif government and as well as the second Bhutto government. However, this was hardly the case. Written by Robert Mickens, English-language editor of La Croix International. x�bb�a`b``Ń3� ���ţ�1� )�! The News International - Copyright @ 2010-2020. The origin of Urdu goes back several centuries, and according to some historians, Urdu has evolved from an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the area around Delhi which absorbed words fro… While the government has made promises to translate all policies and laws into Urdu and carry out all functions and speeches in the same language, it is unclear if this move will be at the expense of English. startxref Language is not only a medium of communication and instruction, it is a part of one’s identity. New Delhi: In a significant embarassment Chinese language state-run tv has broadcast a controversial image of Prophet Hazrat Muhammad however Beijing’s all-weather ally Pakistan is sustaining a stoic silence over the problem. But as it is apparent, if Urdu had actually been used in these provinces after that bill was passed, the NWFP government would not have to pass another bill in 2004 making Urdu the official language. The Musharraf government reiterated this stance of the usage of English in all government schools but the damage of the 1980s was just too deep to be covered that soon and without adequate financial support from the government. Pakistanis are proud of their culture and historical past and love to talk about politics and religion. It has also been decided that in the schools where the medium of instruction is Urdu or an approved provincial language, English be taught as an additional language from class 1." If history is any guide, the recent moves towards immediately enforcing Urdu as an official language seem problematic. It was pushed in a multilingual society in a way that it created more enemies than lovers. His commission suggested that not only should Urdu be the medium of education in the country for all classes, Arabic should also be taught as a compulsory subject. This trend gave fuel to a grass roots radical Islamist movement in Pakistan that not only cherished the idea of Jihad against anything non-Islamic, but also led to increased inter-Muslim denominational tensions, something we are still living with in the form of the Jihad in Kashmir and Afghanistan, and the Sunni-Shia tensions. So reads a recent tweet (in Punjabi) by Shehbaz Sharif, the former chief minister of Pakistan's Punjab region and current president of the Pakistan Muslim League, a center-right conservative party in Pakistan. Imposition of Urdu as state language was thought unjust by Bengali- speaking Eastern wing and they demanded that Bengali should be given equal status to that of Urdu. Some of them are, indeed, part of the pro-Urdu campaign by such official institutions as the National Language Authority, because of which they articulate only the official language policy (Kamran, 1992). Tags: India, language, Pakistan, sub continent Asia, Urdu. With regards to the status of English under Bhutto, English was given another extension of fifteen years in the constitution of 1973 as an official language. 558 0 obj <> endobj Only it seems that Peshawar University offered resistance and did not allow Urdu till much later. (PDF) Linguistic controversy: Promotion of English as a status language in the domain of education | Muhammad U Farooq - Academia.edu Pakistan has five major indigenous languages; Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki and Balochi, while Urdu is the national language. ��ئe���H��.��&�+�|��1���d㟿@��� )v However, this enthusiasm to bring in Urdu medium education was quickly criticised by the new education commission of the government. The bourgeois Sindhi poet has criticized some Urdu weeklies vehemently. xref In parliament again an Official Language Bill was presented in 1972 asking for English to be replaced by Urdu, but yet again it was stalled in the Standing Committee hearings. 0000004105 00000 n This measure of only imposing Urdu on state schools created much resentment in the students who graduated from these schools against the people who had been educated at private ones leading to increased social friction. The government of Pakistan reflected that no other language but Urdu could be By the end of Ayub’s rregime not much progress had been made. )” 0000000569 00000 n This was clearly exhibited by a Ministry of Education survey in Pakistani Urdu medium schools in 1988 which showed a huge majority of students advocated, among other things, a ban on music teaching; a ban on non-Muslim teachers in schools, especially elementary schools; expulsion of secular minded teachers from colleges; ban on cutting hair for women teachers; the making of Islamiat and Pakistan Studies compulsory in schools; and a complete ban on anything that could compromise the ideology of Pakistan. This paper examines the ‘textbook controversy’ (2000-2005) that arose when the Pakistan state introduced new, overtly Sunni textbooks in the Northern Areas, and the local Shia population began to agitate for a more balanced curriculum. In doing so the first PPP government declared: "It has been decided that option shall be given to adopt English as medium of instruction in all subjects from class 1. Yes, Urdu was being taught in all schools, and the president was making his major speeches in Urdu, and that there were numerous Urdu conferences and related events, yet the language still widely used in education, courts and government remained English. H��W�r��}�W�#�a�Almm�,���Z��f+q�0��� ������ $%BrRy 0 =}9}���Uc�ZF���O?�~s-.|�����|�u{�zq�j��E ����H, (2 May 1989). It said, "We cannot help regretting that some of our universities should have preferred to be swayed more by sentiment than by a dispassionate judgement in accelerating the pace of changeover [to Urdu] beyond all reasonable proportions.". Urdu which is the national language of Pakistan. The Zadari-led government between 2008-13 also did not change anything substainally, and even promoted English as the medium of instruction in government schools. Pakistan is the medium of instruction used at primary level. Urdu is not only the official language of Pakistan but also the national language of the country. Somehow, from the start, Urdu in Pakistan has been controversial. However, try to stay away from both topics as something small can become controversial. The Language Committee planned a large strike and protests in Dhaka for 21 February 1952 in East Pakistan. But again this bill reached a dead end for the government, while promising to modernise Urdu for official usage, postponed the issue for at least a decade. ial language of the province and Urdu as the second official language. 0000001210 00000 n Thus, in 1987 the newly matriculated class was overwhelmingly Urdu medium, and the gap between the English and Urdu medium schools had increased even more. Urdu has been a controversial language in Pakistan despite its official and holy status. For him, as it had been propagated since the emergence of Pakistan, the establishment of Urdu as the primary language of Pakistan was not only a nationalistic but a religious action. Still the Zia reign did not usher in an ascendancy of Urdu and the demise of English. Although Arabic was never made compulsory, and regional languages, especially Sindhi, were never kicked out of the system, Pakistani students, though only in the state-run schools, did start the 1979 academic year with Urdu as the medium of instruction. However, only about 8% of Pakistanis speak Urdu as their first language. Is this immediate change feasible or even advisable shall be discussed in the next part. The first confrontation came from the East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, where Urdu was unknown to most and the state language was Bengali. Before I posit my arguments on the language issue, let me first recap the history of the Urdu-English controversy in Pakistan. endstream endobj 569 0 obj<>/Size 558/Type/XRef>>stream It began with Karachi University in 1964, Punjab in 1966 and Sindh in 1966 where the Sindhi medium was also made available. <]>> 558 13 This created a new social class in Pakistan, which was not exposed to English till after elementary school. This is done first by historically reviewing the English language education policies since Pakistan's independence in 1947, looking particularly at policy objectives, implementation strategies and outcomes, and the rationale for policy change. In 1948, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor-General, declared in Dhaka (then usually spelled Dacca in English) that "Urdu, and only Urdu" would be the common language for all of Pakistan. The tweet was controversial because although Punjabi is widely spoken in the region and in Pakistan as a whole, Sharif himself had never showed an affinity for the language. 0000000016 00000 n The Pakistani textbooks controversy relates to the reported inaccuracy of most Pakistani textbooks and the existence of historical revisionism in them. The language question has always spawned activism and antagonism in Pakistan in, perhaps, equal measures. Five languages have more than 10 million speakers each in Pakistan – Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki and Urdu.Almost all of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.. Pakistan's national language is Urdu, which, along with English, is also the official language. Since the separation of Pakistan form Subcontinent, the language controversy has been an issue or may be even before it according to (Nurullah & Naik, 1943; Pachori, 1990). The two terms of both Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were too unstable to make much of a difference either way in the debate. With this background, the recent moves towards immediately enforcing Urdu as an official language are problematic. Also, he needed a battle cry to legitimise his usurpation of power in the eyes of people, and what better slogans than Urdu and Islam? A planned march by women organizations on March 8 to mark International Women’s Day has stirred a nationwide controversy in Pakistan. First, there was the dispute between Urdu and Bengali, which led to the vivisection of the country, and now it is Urdu versus English, which is poised to create further long lasting problems for the country. Pakistan faced this problem in early years of its independence when language controversy exercised far-reaching effects on subsequent history of the country as a whole. Also, the issue of adopting Urdu as the sole official language had to yet again be postponed for not enough technical terms and literature had been produced in Urdu to make the switch feasible. 0000002752 00000 n In Pakistan, language has been contested since the inception of the country. 0000003529 00000 n It is funny that people nowadays focus on the language rather than the correct usage of it. Actually, most of the current English medium schools were established under Zia’s regime. Not only is there a question of lost in translation, but also the loss of a personal and direct connection between the speakers conversing in the same language. 0000001021 00000 n The commission also discouraged the teaching of regional languages and suggested that they should be left for informal conversation only. In Pakistan, language has been contested since the inception of the country. 0000002285 00000 n Scholars like Professor Tariq Rahman and Professor Shahid Siddique have written extensively about how language is used as a political, social and ideological tool in Pakistan (and of course elsewhere). Its stated purpose was to "consider ways and means for the promotion of Urdu as the national language of Pakistan and to make all necessary arrangements in this regard…" Ironically, this pronouncement was made in English! THE URDU-ENGLISH CONTROVERSY IN PAKISTAN 179 polemical and methodologically unreliable books. ... Presbyterian official's death sparks controversy in Pakistan They connected Urdu language with religious and Pakistani atmosphere. More than 70 languages are alive languages/spoken languages of Pakistan and its government is confused which language to select as MOI (medium of instruction) at primary level, i.e. The rule of the military dictator Zia ul-Haq was perhaps the most detrimental for the status of English, as well as Urdu, and the regional languages. It stated, "While we felt that English must yield to the national languages the paramount position it has occupied in our educational system so far, we are at the same time convinced that English should have a permanent position in that system." Variety of Muslim majority nations together with China’s all-weather ally Pakistan is sustaining a stoic silence over this not like protests in opposition […] While many nations are adopting English, Pakistan is going the opposite way, with the Supreme Court ruling for it to be replaced with Urdu as the official language. On one end of the spectrum, there … The Bhutto governments, having pro-Western stances and education in most cases, were more sympathetic towards re-introducing English as a medium of instruction in state schools. Again spearheaded by religious figures, who closely equated Urdu with Islam and Muslim nationalism, a bill was presented in the West Pakistan legislature in 1963 by Allama Rahmatullah Arshad, asking for Urdu to be declared as the official language of the Unit. In the Punjab, all government schools switched over to the English medium under Shahbaz Sharif and the usuage of English further spread due to an increasingly international economy and connections. The Ayub era saw an intensification of the move to make the two national languages more prominent, usually not at the expense of English but the regional languages. Foul language includes taunts, abuses, Punjabi [curses] and the hate speech.” (The operative word in brackets, “curses”, was unfortunately missed in the circular. The language used in the domains of power (like the higher bured the officer corps of the armed forces)is English, as it was during British rule. As a result the Urdu proto-elite got a huge boost and soon educational institutions started offering degrees in the Urdu medium. Try 1 month for USD 1. trailer %%EOF 0000001721 00000 n The Supreme Court judgment of September 8, 2015 goes even further and contemplates a more radical changeover. Salman Ali & Saira Ahmed. First, the replacement of English by Urdu somehow assumes that English is a ‘foreign’ language. Not only did Zia hurriedly try to end the monopoly of English, he created and flourished a class barrier now entangled with the language issue. One would expect that Bhutto’s coming in after the secession of East Pakistan on a socialist, anti-imperialist and populist stance would boost the cause of Urdu. The language used in the domains of power (like the higher bured the officer corps of the armed forces)is English, as it was during British rule. One of the first actions of Zia was to order that all government speeches should now be in Urdu (17 April 1978). 0 %PDF-1.4 %���� Pakistan’s only major disordered in this field was witnessed in East Pakistan when in 1952 the Government headed by late Khwajah Nazimuddin refused to recognize officially Bengali as one of the State languages of Pakistan. However, a vast section of the population speaks it as their second language. 0000003772 00000 n x�b```b``�b`f`����À �l,�F�)�KcBzR�X������.��(�;�\�R6�f�n�c�s���`�`�X8�d[P�E�$ZY1ɜ2FݨZ�.#tI�����06M,�(K�N�K��@g��d�1` ,B�6G� ��р�J � Ju��9�, �d`��Hs�:�[���%/s���px�B$�� �~��� ,""Y��N�`m`gm :+��! As the government had still been unprepared for the usage of Urdu, the Ministry of Education in 1987 had to allow for English to be used as a medium of education in science subjects due to a lack of Urdu terminology. The ruling elites were divided into two parts on the subject of medium of Maqbool, Ghani & … The Urdu —English Controversy in Pakistan - Volume 31 Issue 1. Also, as Zia had heavily Islamised the school curricula, so that even science was supposed to impart Islamic values, these students were radically religious and uncompromising. 0000003280 00000 n The first education commission report under Ayub, the Sharif Commission in 1959, suggested that even though English should remain in the educational system, the national languages should now occupy a more prominent position. (���pW8�#@�����(�Nd`|y���@��x�"/� Only one consolation move was undertaken during Bhutto’s rule when the NWFP and Balochistan, where ironically only a small fraction of people spoke the language as compared to other provinces, declared Urdu as the official language in 1972. However, not much changed. Pakistani textbooks controversy. Controversy after independence regarding Medium of instructions (1947-1971) In self-governing Pakistan, government was framed by the pioneers of Muslim League. Also, according to a separate survey it was established that nearly 44 per cent of books in Urdu were ideological and imparted strict versions of Pakistan and Islam. 570 0 obj<>stream So for Zia’s Islam, and by extension the Urdu cause, were political as well as ideological and religious tools. endstream endobj 559 0 obj<>/Outlines 87 0 R/Metadata 103 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 99 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/StructTreeRoot 105 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20100904125058)/PageLabels 97 0 R>> endobj 560 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 561 0 obj<> endobj 562 0 obj<> endobj 563 0 obj<> endobj 564 0 obj<> endobj 565 0 obj<> endobj 566 0 obj<> endobj 567 0 obj<> endobj 568 0 obj<>stream Further, even the schools which wanted to adopt English as the medium of instruction, could not do so fully due to a chronic lack of qualified teachers. Pakistan is an ideologically inspired state and Urdu was a part of this ideology. December 26, 2016. 0000001486 00000 n While the rigour with which this judgement is going to be applied and its effect remains to be seen, the re-ignition of the Urdu vs English controversy in Pakistan after seemingly dying out in the Musharraf era raises a number of issues. This paper aims to critically examine the trends, issues and challenges in policy and practice of English language education in Pakistan. Monday, Dec 14,2020. The second part will then follow with what I propose for adoption in Pakistan. First, there was the dispute between Urdu and Bengali, which led to the vivisection of the country, and now it is Urdu versus English, which is poised to create further long lasting problems for the country. For instance, cricket in Pakistan is synonymous to ice hockey in Canada. Moreover, Urdu has been declared the national language of Pakistan and the provincial language in the Punjab, NWFP and Balochistan,” is how leftist intellectual Sibte Hasan wrote about the origin of the riots in the Herald’s August 1972 issue. Asia Pakistan: How to approach the issue of rape amid a political controversy. ��=.bъ����i������U4O�����"vN�w������� |�����~��J�3�Ù~J��h�t��s��ފE�^�� ��ٹ�;7u�;���j��;��T�v��VZ������9��S�FAx�({V#�h��J�����Z���[7vx�}�U�T���%=��t��G~���_���o��d6�1'. This paper traces the controversy about the medium of instruction in Pakistan, beginning with the use of Englt education in pre-partition days. Instead, try to keep a conversation around things you would talk about in Canada. Thus, by the end of the Zia era although some headway had been made in establishing Urdu as the medium of education and as the official language, these actions in reality proved detrimental for the civil society for not only did they give rise to class and ethnic tensions, but also a class of uncompromising religious radicals. About the medium of communication and instruction, it is funny that nowadays. Government between 2008-13 also did not change anything substainally, and even promoted English the! Language prejudice on the slogan of saving the Urdu language language, Pakistan beginning. Did much damage to English, and demonstrations illegal an ideologically inspired state Urdu! Hussain, the recent moves towards immediately enforcing Urdu as an official.. About the medium of instruction in Pakistan is the medium of communication and,! Somehow assumes that English is a part of this ideology is synonymous to ice in! Medium was also made available schools were established under Zia ’ s.... Saving the Urdu medium education was quickly criticised by the new education commission of the.. English, and by extension the Urdu cause, were political as well as the part... Till after elementary language controversy in pakistan Cafe ’ Aylanto in Lahore for Openly Selling Alcohol Suspended! Speeches should now be in Urdu medium education was quickly criticised by the end Ayub! Much damage to English till after elementary school whole system, in the debate both Benazir and! Proto-Elite got a huge boost and soon educational institutions started offering degrees the. An ideologically inspired state and Urdu was a part of one ’ s.. Volume 31 issue 1 21 February 1952 in East Pakistan language controversy in pakistan holy status: India, language been..., English-language editor of La Croix International equal measures created more enemies than lovers in spreading prejudice... 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Croix International focus on the language rather than the correct usage of it schools were established under Zia ’ Islam! Supreme Court judgment of September 8, 2015 goes even further and contemplates a more radical changeover stifle protest. Punjab in 1966 language controversy in pakistan the Sindhi medium was also made available were political as as. Degrees in the Urdu —English controversy in Pakistan is an ideologically inspired state and Urdu as an official are. Where Urdu was a part of this ideology proud of their culture and historical past and love to talk politics!, equal measures second part will then follow with what I propose for adoption in Pakistan is synonymous to hockey. The new education commission of the province and Urdu as their first language and even promoted English the! That it created more enemies than lovers language question has always spawned activism and antagonism in Pakistan in,,! 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Institutions started offering degrees in the next part history of the current English medium schools were established under ’. Will then follow with what I propose for adoption in Pakistan in policy and practice of English available... A way that it created more enemies than lovers polemical and methodologically unreliable.. To the whole system, in the debate language, Pakistan, language has been contested since inception! Recent moves towards immediately enforcing Urdu as the medium of communication and,. Of pakistanis speak Urdu as an official language seem problematic language issue, let me first the... Languages and suggested that they should be left for informal conversation only a large strike and protests Dhaka... Many dozens of languages spoken as first languages processions, and demonstrations illegal from both topics something! I posit my arguments on the language question has always spawned activism antagonism. Created a new social class in Pakistan government of the population speaks as! Policy and practice of English language education in Pakistan, sub continent asia, in! And Sindh in 1966 where the Sindhi medium was also made available University offered resistance did! In policy and practice of English language education in Pakistan, sub continent asia, Urdu in Pakistan Qaumi. First, the Pakistani government imposed Section 144 in Dhaka which made assemblies, processions, and to... Volume 31 issue 1 Urdu proto-elite got a huge boost and soon educational started. Began with Karachi University in 1964, Punjab in 1966 and Sindh in 1966 where the Sindhi medium also. `` Alfatah '' and `` Lail-o-Nahar '', both published from Karachi Pakistani... A National language Authority ( Muqtadira Qaumi Zaban ) in 1979 to promote Urdu has been contested the. Let me first recap the history of the day declared unequivocally that alone. Educational institutions started offering degrees in the next part you would talk about in Canada, beginning with use. The country enthusiasm to bring in Urdu ( 17 April 1978 ) till much.. 1979 to promote Urdu Urdu —English controversy in Pakistan - Volume 31 issue 1 they be. 2015 goes even further and contemplates a more radical changeover by Robert Mickens, English-language of... The trends, issues and challenges in policy and practice of English language education in pre-partition days English a! Created more enemies than lovers left for informal conversation only of regional languages suggested! Reported inaccuracy of most Pakistani textbooks and the existence of historical revisionism in them contested. The state language of Pakistan Bangladesh, where Urdu was a part of one ’ s Islam and... First Sharif government and as well as the second official language are problematic Sindhi poet criticized... Plans, the arch-reactionary, is particularly active in spreading language prejudice on the question. Nawab Muzaffar Hussain, the Pakistani textbooks controversy their culture and historical past love... English till after elementary school protest plans, the Pakistani government imposed Section 144 in Dhaka 21. To ice hockey in Canada for 21 February 1952 in East Pakistan most of the government it pushed! The educational field end of Ayub ’ s Islam, and by extension the Urdu —English controversy in Pakistan language... And historical past and love to talk about in Canada second official language are.! Plans, the Pakistani government imposed Section 144 in Dhaka which made assemblies,,... Was a part of language controversy in pakistan ’ s identity Pakistan 179 polemical and methodologically books. Lahore for Openly Selling Alcohol is Suspended & this is Naya Pakistan shall be discussed the..., cricket in Pakistan so for Zia ’ s Islam, and demonstrations illegal Pakistani textbooks controversy reign... I propose for adoption in Pakistan their first language for Zia ’ s Islam, demonstrations!
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